To cope with the city's problems, government officials had a limited resources and personnel. Democracy did not flourish in this environment. To bring order out of the chaos of the nation's cities, many political bosses emerged who did not shrink from corrupt deals if they could increase their power bases. The people and institutions the bosses controlled were called the political machine.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Identify how each class of Americans—working class, middle class, and upper class—responded to the challenges associated with urban life
Explain the process of machine politics and how it brought relief to working-class Americans